The study of pathology examines the causes and consequences of illness or injury. The research of disease in general, which encompasses a broad variety of biological research areas and medical specialties, is referred to as pathology. However, the term is frequently used more specifically in the context of contemporary medical treatment to describe procedures and examinations that fall under the umbrella of "general pathology," a field that comprises a number of various but related medical specialties that diagnose disease, primarily through examination of tissue, cell, and bodily fluid samples. The idiom pathology" can also refer to the anticipated or actual course of specific diseases, and the prefix "path" is occasionally used to denote a disease condition. Pathology is a broad area of study and research that examines the causes of diseases, the mechanisms by which they develop (pathogenesis), the structural changes that occur in cells (morphologic changes), and the effects of those changes (clinical manifestations). Anatomical psychology and clinical pathology are the two main subfields of general pathology, which is primarily concerned with analyzing recognized clinical abnormalities that are indicators or precursors both for infectious and noninfectious disease. Additional specialized categories are based on the relevant sample types, physiological systems (such as renal pathology), organs (such as cytopathology, hemato pathology, and histopathology), and sample types itself. Within the distinct but intricately interwoven goals of biological study and medical practice, the field of pathology is currently split into a variety of sub-disciplines. In contrast to much of the rest of the world, where one must attend medical school and obtain a license to practice medicine in order to be certified to practice pathological as a medical specialty, biomedical research into disease involves the work of a wide range of life science specialists. Structure-wise, the research of disease is separated into a wide range of disciplines that investigate or identify disease-related markers utilizing techniques and technology appropriate to various scales, organs, and tissue types. The following information primarily relates to pathology in terms of routine medical care in such systems, and each of these specializations is also the focus of extensive pathology research in terms of the disease pathways of particular pathogens and disorders affecting the tissues of these distinct organs or structures. Despite being distinct fields of study in terms of medical practice, many areas of research in drug and medical knowledge either closely relate to general psychopathy, work in concert with it, or make a significant contribution to our knowledge of the pathology of a particular complaint or its progression in a living thing. For example, blood tests, vivisection, and resection are all examples of pathology work that is crucial for determining the many types of cancer and staging malignant millions. Similar to this, general pathology's towel and blood analysis methods are crucial to the discussion of major contagious illness and similarly have a substantial impact on the domains of epidemiology, etiology, immunology, and parasitology. General pathology patterns play a significant role in biomedical research into complaints; they are sometimes referred to as "experimental" or "investigative" pathology.